Applied Radiology

Diagnosis

Ascending aortic aneurysm, descending aortic pseudoaneurysm

Findings

Three-dimensional surface-rendered reconstruction of the MR angiogram revealed the interposition graft with a moderate degree of stenosis at both the proximal and distal anastomoses as well as a pseudoaneurysm (at the distal suture line) that measured 27 mm in length and 7 mm at the neck (Figure 1). Velocity-encoded phase-contrast MR imaging measured the gradient across the graft at 15 mm Hg (not shown), which was confirmed at cardiac catheterization. Prominent intercostal vasculature was noted; also noted were the pseudoaneurysm and an ascending aortic aneurysm that measured 5.8 cm (Figure 2).

Discussion

An aortic coarctation is a common cardiovascular lesion that accounts for 5% to 7% of all congenital heart disease.¹ Coarctation is more common in males than females and is known to occur in conjunction with a variety of conditions, including Turner's syndrome, Shone complex, ventricular septal defect, bicuspid aortic valve, and aneurysms of the circle of Willis.² If left untreated, complications are common and can include aortic dissection, infective endocarditis, severe aortic insufficiency, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and intracranial hemorrhage.³ In patients with uncorrected coarctation, as many as 90% die by the age of 60 years.⁴

Following surgical repair of aortic coarctation, close follow-up of patients is recommended, as surgery is, in many ways, not "curative." Late complications, as a consequence of the surgery itself or the systemic arteriopathy, are not uncommon. Irrespective of the success of the repair, hypertension frequently develops and is a major contributor to long-term cardiovascular morbidity, although early surgical intervention may reduce the risk of developing late hypertension and other cardiovascular sequelae.^5,6 In a large surgical series, the most common causes of death in patients with successful coarctation repair were coronary artery disease (37%), congestive heart failure (9%), and complications of reoperation (7%).² The most frequent indications for reoperation include recurrent coarctation, ascending aortic aneurysm, valvular heart disease, and pseudoaneurysm formation.³

Aortic imaging techniques are critical in ruling out pathology in patients with a history of coarctation repair. MR imaging has evolved into the modality of choice for screening these patients, as it provides safe, high-quality images of the aorta.⁷ In the case reported here, several abnormalities associated with this disease process have been identified, including an ascending aortic aneurysm, narrowing of the graft at both the proximal and distal anastomosis, and the unusual-appearing pseudoaneurysm at the distal suture site. Although not identified here, true aneurysm formation at the site of repair is not uncommon in patients who have undergone prior synthetic patch aortoplasty, while it is infrequent in those repaired with end-to-end anastamosis or interposition grafting.⁸ Some have advocated routine aortic screening with MR imaging every 12 to 24 months after coarctation repair, particularly for those with prior patch aortoplasty.⁷

Following balloon angioplasty of native coarctation, the incidence of aneurysm formation and recurrent coarctation is higher than with surgical repair.^9,10 Long-term experience and follow-up of patients with aortic stent implantation in native coarctation is limited,^11,12 but short-term outcomes have been encouraging.

CONCLUSION

Aortic coarctation is a potentially life-threatening congenital lesion that often requires surgical or percutaneous intervention. However, repair is frequently not "curative" in the traditional sense, as long-term complications from hypertension, aneurysm formation, associated valvular heart disease, and recoarctation are common. Close follow-up by a cardiovascular specialist is warranted in all cases.

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